Debian não impõe requisitos de hardware para além do que é requerido pelo kernel Linux ou pelo kernel kFreeBSD e pelas ferramentas GNU. Por isso qualquer arquitectura ou plataforma para a qual tenha sido portado o kernel Linux ou kFreeBSD, libc, gcc, etc. e para a qual exista um port de Debian, poderá correr Debian. Para mais detalhes sobre sistemas com a arquitectura 32-bit soft-float ARM que tenham sido testados com Debian GNU/Linux, por favor, veja as páginas dos Ports em http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/.
Em vez de tentar descrever todas a configurações de hardware que são suportadas por 32-bit soft-float ARM, esta secção contém informação geral e indicações de onde se pode encontrar informação adicional.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 supports ten major architectures and several variations of each architecture known as “flavors”.
Arquitectura | Designação Debian | Sub-arquitectura | Flavor |
---|---|---|---|
Baseado em Intel x86 | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ARM com FPU em hardware | armhf | multi-plataforma | armmp |
multi-plataforma para sistemas LPAE | armmp-lpae | ||
ARM 64bit | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
IBM S/390 de 64bit | s390x | IPL a partir de VM-reader e DASD | generic |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 suporta duas arquitecturas.
Arquitectura | Designação Debian |
---|---|
Baseado em Intel x86 | kfreebsd-i386 |
AMD64 & Intel 64 | kfreebsd-amd64 |
Este documento cobre a instalação para a arquitectura 32-bit soft-float ARM utilizando o Linux. Se está à procura de informação acerca de qualquer uma das outras arquitecturas suportadas por Debian veja a página dos Debian-Ports.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the “one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called 'armmp') in Debian/armhf.
As seguintes plataformas são suportados por Debian/armel; necessitam de kernels específicos para a plataforma.
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in commonly used network attached storage (NAS) devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
While there is kernel support for this platform in Debian 8, it is not supported by the debian-installer
. It is possible to do a “dist-upgrade” from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the small amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx typically have, this requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in Debian 9.
Kirkwood is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. Debian currently supports the following Kirkwood based devices: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client and OpenRD-Ultimate), plug computers (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug and DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (all TS-11x, TS-21x and TS-41x models), and LaCie NASes (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2 Network v2, 2Big Network v2 and 5Big Network v2).
Orion is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an Orion chip. Debian currently supports the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 and HP mv2120.
The Versatile platform is emulated by QEMU and is therefore a nice way to test and run Debian on ARM if you don't have real hardware.
A linha de processadores I/O da Intel (IOP) encontra-se numa variedade de produtos relacionados com armazenamento e processamento de dados, tal como no GLAN Tank da IO-Data e o Thecus N2100. Debian suportou a plataforma IOP32x em Debian 7, mas já não o suporta mais na versão 8 devido a restrições de hardware da plataforma que o tornam desadequado para a instalação de lançamentos mais recentes de Debian.
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported any more from Debian 8 onwards.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional “firmware” images (see Secção 2.2, “Dispositivos que Necessitam de Firmware”).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 ships with X.Org version 7.7.
Quase todas as placas de rede (NIC) suportadas pelo kernel Linux devem também ser suportadas pelo sistema de instalação; os controladores devem ser carregados automaticamente.
Em 32-bit soft-float ARM é suportada a maioria dos dispositivos Ethernet embutidos e são disponibilizados módulos para dispositivos adicionais PCI e USB.