2.1. Поддерживаемое оборудование

Для Debian не требуется от оборудования сверх того, что требуют ядро Linux или kFreeBSD и утилиты GNU. Таким образом, любая архитектура или платформа, на которую были перенесены ядро Linux или kFreeBSD, libc, gcc и т.д. и на которую перенесён Debian, может работать под Debian. Сверьтесь со страницами переносов http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/, какие системы на архитектуре 32-bit soft-float ARM были протестированы с Debian GNU/Linux.

Вместо того, чтобы пытаться описать всё разнообразие аппаратных конфигураций, которое существует на 32-bit soft-float ARM, эта глава содержит общую информацию и указания, где можно найти дополнительную информацию.

2.1.1. Поддерживаемые архитектуры

Debian GNU/Linux 8 supports ten major architectures and several variations of each architecture known as «flavors».

Архитектура Обозначение в Debian Субархитектура Вариант
основанные на Intel x86 i386    
AMD64 & Intel 64 amd64    
ARM armel Intel IXP4xx ixp4xx
Marvell Kirkwood kirkwood
Marvell Orion orion5x
Versatile versatile
ARM с аппаратным FPU armhf multiplatform armmp
multiplatform для систем с поддержкой LPAE armmp-lpae
64-битные ARM arm64    
MIPS (с прямым порядком байтов) mips SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) r4k-ip22
SGI IP32 (O2) r5k-ip32
MIPS Malta (32-битная) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-битная) 5kc-malta
MIPS (с обратным порядком байтов) mipsel MIPS Malta (32-битная) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-битная) 5kc-malta
IBM/Motorola PowerPC powerpc PowerMac pmac
PReP prep
Power Systems ppc64el IBM POWER8 or newer machines  
64-битный IBM S/390 s390x IPL с VM-reader и DASD generic

Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 поддерживает две архитектуры.

Архитектура Обозначение в Debian
основанные на Intel x86 kfreebsd-i386
AMD64 & Intel 64 kfreebsd-amd64

Этот документ содержит описание установки на архитектуру 32-bit soft-float ARM. Если вы ищете информацию по любой другой архитектуре, поддерживаемой Debian, посмотрите на странице переносов Debian.

2.1.2. Three different ARM ports

The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:

  • Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),

  • Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.

  • Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.

Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.

2.1.3. Variations in ARM CPU designs and support complexity

ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.

The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called «system-on-chip» (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.

At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the «one-fits-all» kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called 'armmp') in Debian/armhf.

2.1.4. Платформы, поддерживаемые Debian/armel

Debian/armel поддерживает перечисленные далее платформы; для них требуются специальные ядра.

IXP4xx

The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in commonly used network attached storage (NAS) devices like the Linksys NSLU2.

While there is kernel support for this platform in Debian 8, it is not supported by the debian-installer. It is possible to do a «dist-upgrade» from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the small amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx typically have, this requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in Debian 9.

Kirkwood

Kirkwood is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. Debian currently supports the following Kirkwood based devices: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client and OpenRD-Ultimate), plug computers (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug and DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (all TS-11x, TS-21x and TS-41x models), and LaCie NASes (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2 Network v2, 2Big Network v2 and 5Big Network v2).

Orion5x

Orion is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an Orion chip. Debian currently supports the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 and HP mv2120.

Versatile

The Versatile platform is emulated by QEMU and is therefore a nice way to test and run Debian on ARM if you don't have real hardware.

2.1.5. Платформы, больше не поддерживаемые Debian/armel

IOP32x

Линейка Intel I/O Processor (IOP) используется в нескольких моделях устройств хранения и обработки данных, таких как GLAN Tank производства IO-Data и Thecus N2100. Debian поддерживал платформу IOP32x в Debian 7, но начиная с версии 8 поддержка прекращена, так как ограничения аппаратного обеспечения платформы не позволяют установить новые выпуски Debian.

MV78xx0

The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported any more from Debian 8 onwards.

2.1.6. Graphics Hardware Support

Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional «firmware» images (see Раздел 2.2, «Устройства, которым требуются микропрограммы»).

Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.

Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 ships with X.Org version 7.7.

2.1.7. Аппаратура для подключения к сети

Почти любая сетевая плата (NIC), поддерживаемая ядром Linux, должна поддерживаться системой установки; драйверы модулей должны загрузиться автоматически.

На 32-bit soft-float ARM поддерживается большинство встроенных устройств Ethernet и предоставляются модули для дополнительных устройств PCI и USB.

2.1.8. Периферия и другое оборудование

Linux поддерживает много разных устройств, таких как мыши, принтеры, сканеры, PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCard и USB устройства. Однако, большинство этих устройств не требуется для установки системы.